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The Death of Gomburza & The Propaganda Movement
The illustrados led the Filipinos’ quest for reforms. Because of their education and newly acquired wealth, they felt more confident about voicing out popular grievances. However, since the illustrados themselves were a result of the changes that the Spanish government had been slowly implementing, the group could not really push very hard for the reforms it wanted. The illustrados did not succeeded in easing the sufferings of the Filipinos; but from this group arose another faction called the intelligentsia. The intelligentsia also wanted reforms; but they were more systematic and used a peaceful means called the Propaganda Movement.
Goals of the Propaganda Movement
Members of the Propaganda Movement were called propagandists or reformists. They worked inside and outside the Philippines. Their objectives were to seek:
▪ Recognition of the Philippines as a province of Spain ▪ Equal status for both Filipinos and Spaniards ▪ Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes ▪ Secularization of Philippine parishes. ▪ Recognition of human rights
The Propaganda Movement never asked for Philippine independence because its members believed that once Spain realized the pitiful state of the country, the Spaniards would implement the changes the Filipinos were seeking.
The Propagandists
The Filipinos in
Europe were much more active in seeking reforms than those in
Manila. They
could be divided into three groups: The first included Filipinos who had been exiled
to the Marianas Islands in
1872 after being implicated in the Cavite Mutiny. After two many years in the Marianas,
they proceeded to Madrid and Barcelona because they could no longer return
Lopez Jaena was a brilliant orator who wrote such pieces as "Fray Botod," "Esperanza," and "La Hija del Fraile," which all criticized the abuses of Spanish friars in the Philippines. Del Pilar was an excellent writer and speaker who put up the newspaper Diarion Tagalog in 1882. His favorite topic was the friars. Some of his most popular writings included "Caiingat Cayo", "Dasalan at Tocsohan," and "Ang Sampung Kautusan ng mga Prayle". "Caingat Cayo" was a pamphlet answering the criticisms received by Jose Rizal’s novel Noli Me Tangere. "Dasalan…" was parody of the prayer books used by the Church, while "Ang Sampung Kautusan…" was a satirical take on the Ten Commandments, which highly ridiculed the Spanish friars.
Jose Rizal was recognized as the great novelist of the Propaganda Movement. He was the first Filipino become famous for his written works. He wrote a poem entitled “Sa Aking mga Kababata” when he was only eight years old. His novels, Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, clearly depicted the sufferings of the Filipinos and the rampant abuses committed by the friars in the colony. Because of his criticisms of the government and the friars, Rizal made a lot of enemies. He was executed at Bagumbayan (later renamed Luneta Park and now called Rizal Park) on December 30, 1896.
The writings produced by the Propaganda Movement inspired Andres Bonifacio and other radicals to establish the Katipunan and set the Philippine Revolution in place. Continue to La Solidaridad & La Liga Filipina.
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In February 17, 1872,
Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jocinto Zamora (Gomburza), all
to
the Philippines. The second group consisted of illustrados in the Philippines who had been
sent to Europe for their education. The third group was composed of Filipinos who had fled
their country to avoid punishment for a crime, or simply because they could not stand Spanish
atrocities any longer. Still, not all Filipinos living in Spain were members of the Propaganda
Movement.