SYNOPSIS OF PHILIPPINE HISTORY
Pre-Spanish Times
There are two theories on the origins of the first Filipinos, the inhabitants of what will later be called the Philippine Islands and eventually the
Republic of the Philippines. See the
Early Inhabitants of the Philippine Islands.
In the beginning of the 3rd century, the inhabitants of
Luzon island were in contact and trading with East Asian sea-farers
and merchants including the Chinese. In the 1400's the Japanese also established a trading post at
Aparri in Northern Luzon.
In 1380, Muslim Arabs arrived at the Sulu Archipelago and established settlements
which became mini-states ruled by a Datu. They introduced Islam in the southern parts of the archipelago including some parts of Luzon and were under
the control of the Muslim sultans of Borneo. They had a significant influence over the region for a couple of hundreds years. The Malay Muslims
remained dominant in these parts until the 16th century.
Philippine History During the Spanish Colonial Times
In 1521,
Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese explorer who was serving the Spanish crown,
landed in Samar Island on his voyage to circumvent the globe. He explored the islands and named it Archipelago of San Lazaro. Magellan was
killed during a rebellion led by a Datu named Lapu Lapu in Mactan Island (adjacent to Cebu Island).
Spain continued to send expeditions to the island for financial gain and on the fourth expedition, Commander Ruy Lopez de Villalobos, named the islands:
Philippines, after Prince Philip (later King Philip II), heir to the Spanish throne.
Spain ruled the Philippines for 356 years.
 In 1565,
King Philip II
appointed Miguel Lopez de Legazpi as the first Governor-General of the Philippines.
Legazpi chose Manila to be it's capital because of it's natural harbor. Spain's legacy was the conversion of the people to Catholicism and the creation
of the privileged landed class. Because of abuses and suppression of the Spaniards, a Propaganda Movement emerged with the aims for equality between
Filipinos and Spaniards. The arrest of propagandist
Dr. Jose Rizal and execution in 1896 gave fresh momentum to Filipino rebels to fight against Spain.
The secret society of the
Katipunan, founded by Andres Bonifacio attacked the Spanish
Garrison in San Juan with little success, while Katipuneros in Cavite Province headed by
Emilio Aguinaldo defeated the Guardia Civil in Cavite. Aguinaldo's victories lead
him to be elected as head of the Katipunan. The factions of Bonifacio & Aguinaldo fought and lead to the trial and execution of Bonifacio on
Aguinaldo's orders. Aguinaldo later drafted a constitution and established the Republic of
Biak-na-Bato in
Bulacan province. In 1897, an impasse between the Spanish government and Aguinaldo arose. After negotiations between the two sides,
Aguinaldo accepted an amnesty from the Spaniards and US$ 800,000.00 in exchange for his exile to Hong Kong with his government.
Philippine History During the American Era
The
Spanish-American war which started in Cuba, changed
the history of the Philippines. On May 1, 1898, the Americans led by U.S. Navy Admiral George Dewey, in participation of Emilio Aguinaldo, attacked
the Spanish Navy in Manila Bay. Faced with defeat, the Philippines was ceded to the United States by
Spain in 1898 after a payment of US$ 20 million to Spain in accordance with the "Treaty of Paris"
ending the Spanish-American War. On June 12, 1898, Filipinos led by Emilio Aguinaldo declared independence. This declaration was opposed by the U.S. who had plans of
taking over the colony. And this led to a guerrilla war against the Americans. In 1901, Aguinaldo was captured and declared allegiance to the United States.
On the same year, William Howard Taft was appointed as the first U.S. governor of the Philippines.
The U.S. passed the
Jones Law in 1916 establishing an elected Filipino legislature with a
House of representatives & Senate. In 1934, the
Tydings-McDuffie Act was passed by the U.S.
Congress, established the Commonwealth of the Philippines and promised Philippine independence by 1946. The law also provided for the position of President of the
Commonwealth of the Philippines. On the May 14, 1935 elections, Manuel L. Quezon won the position of President
of the Philippine Commonwealth.
In accordance with the Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934, The Philippines was given
independence on July 4, 1946 and the Republic of the Philippines was born.
Philippine History During the Japanese Occupation
On December 8, 1941, the Japanese invades the Philippines hours after bombing Pear Harbor in Hawaii.
While the forces of  Gen. Douglas MacArthur retreated to Bataan,
the Commonwealth government of President Quezon moved to Corregidor Island. Manila was declared an open city to prevent further destruction. After the fall
of Bataan on April 9, 1942 and Corregidor, In March 1942, MacArthur & Quezon fled the country and by invitation of President Roosevelt, the Commonwealth
government went into exile to Washington D.C. American and Filipino forces surrendered in May 6, 1942. Soon a guerrilla war against the Japanese was fought
by the Philippine & American Armies while Filipinos were enduring the cruelty of the Japanese military against civilians.
Prior to Quezon's exile, he advised Dr. Jose P. Laurel to head and cooperate with the Japanese civilian government
in the hope that the collaboration will lead to a less brutality of the Japanese towards the Filipinos. Rightly or wrongly,
President Laurel and his war time government was largely detested by the Filipinos.
In October 1944, Gen. MacArthur with President Sergio Osmeña (who assumed the presidency
after Quezon died on August 1, 1944 in exile in Saranac Lake, New York) returned and liberated the Philippines from the Japanese.
The Philippine Republic
On July 4, 1946, Manuel Roxas of the Nationalista Party was inaugurated as the first
President of the Republic of the Philippines. Roxas died in April 1948.
He was succeeded by Elpidio Quirino. Both Roxas & Quirino had to deal with the Hukbalahap, a large anti-Japanese guerrilla
organization which became a militant group that discredited the ruling elite. The group was eventually put down by Pres. Quirino's Secretary of Defense, Ramon Magsaysay.
Magsaysay defeated Quirino in the 1953 elections. He was a popular president and largely loved by the people.
Magsaysay died in an airplane crash on March 17, 1957 and was succeeded by Carlos Garcia.
Diosdado Macapagal won the 1961 presidential elections and soon after he changed history by declaring June
12 as independence day - the day Emilio Aguinaldo declared independence in Cavite from Spain in 1898. Aguinaldo was the guest of honour
during the fist Independence Day celebrations in 1962.
 Philippine History During the Martial Law Regime
Ferdinand E. Marcos won the presidency in 1965 and was the first president to
be re-elected for a second term in office. Marcos He embarked on an ambitious public works program and maintained his popularity through
his first term. His popularity started to decline after his re-election due to perceived dishonesty in the 1969 campaign, the decline in economic
growth, government corruption and the worsening peace & order. He declared Martial Law in 1972 near the end of his second & final term in office.
Staunch oppositionist,
Senator Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino (later went on self exile to the U.S.) & Senator Jose Diokno
were one of the first to be arrested. During the Martial Law years, Marcos held an iron grip on the nation with the support of the military. Opposition leaders we imprisoned and
the legislature was abolished. Marcos ruled by presidential decrees.
Post Martial Law up to the Present Time
 The 21-year dictatorial rule of Marcos
with wife Imelda ended in 1986 following a popular uprising that forced them to exile to
Hawaii. Corazon "Cory" Aquino, the wife of exiled and murdered opposition leader
Benigno Aquino who was perceived to have won a just concluded snap
election was installed as president. Aquino restored civil liberties, initiated the formation of a new constitution and the restoration of Congress.
On September 16, 1991, despite the lobbying of Aquino, the Senate rejected a new treaty that would allow a 10-year extension of the US military bases in the country.
In the1992 elections, Pres. Aquino endorsed Secretary of Defense
Fidel Ramos as her successor, which Ramos
won with a slight margin over his rival, Miriam Defensor-Santiago. During the Ramos presidency, he advocated "National Reconciliation"
and laid the ground work for the resolution of the secessionist Muslim rebels in the southern Philippine Island of Mindanao. The Moro National
Liberation Front (MNLF) led by Nur Misuari, signed a peace agreement with the government. However a splinter group, The Moro Islamic Liberation
Front (MILF) led by Hashim Salamat continued to fight for an Islamic state. Ramos worked for the economic stability of the country and the improvement of the infrastructure facilities
like telecommunications, energy and transportation.
Joseph Ejercito Estrada, a popular actor, succeeded
Ramos in 1998 with Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (daughter of former President Diosdado Macapagal) as
his Vice-President. Estrada's lack of economic & management skills plunged the economy deeper as unemployment increased and the budget
deficit ballooned. In October 2000, Estrada's close friend Luis "Chavit" Singson accused Estrada of receiving millions of pesos from
"Jueteng", an illegal numbers game. Soon after, Congress impeached Estrada on grounds of bribery, graft and corruption, betrayal of
public trust and culpable violation of the constitution. His impeachment trial at the Senate was however blocked by his political allies in the
Senate. Shortly after the evidence against Estrada was blocked at the Senate, thousands of people rallied up at the EDSA Shrine, site of the
People Power Revolution which ousted Marcos in 1986.
In January 2001, the Supreme Court declared Joseph Estrada unable to rule in view of mass resignations from his
government and declared Vice-President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo as his constitutional successor.
He was convicted of plunder for embezzlement by the
Sandiganbayan in 2007 but was later pardoned by his successor, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo.
 Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo,
completed the remaining term of Estrada and run for re-election against Fernando Poe, Jr., another popular actor and a friend of Estrada in May 2004.
Arroyo with her running mate Noli de Castro was eventually proclaimed the winners of the Presidential & Vice-Presidential elections. She has been
advocating a change from a Presidential form of government to a Parliamentary form of government.
Arroyo's husband & son has been rumored to be receiving money from gambling lords and this has tainted her
reputation. A tape recording of Arroyo talking with a commissioner on elections surfaced establishing impropriety by Arroyo and suggesting
that she might have influenced the outcome of the last elections. Demonstrations followed in June 2005 calling for Arroyo to resign.
On the eve of the anniversary of the "People Power Revolution"
on February 24, 2006, the government took pre-emptive measures to quash alleged plots to unseat Arroyo through massive rallies and a coup. Arroyo
declared a "State of Emergency" the next day mobilizing the police and the military averting any destabilization moves.
Note: Arroyo is has been under hospital arrest since 2011 for charges of
electoral sabotage and misuse of public funds. She is detained at the Veterans
Memorial Hospital in Quezon City, Metro Manila.
May 14, 2007 - National Elections for Senators, Congressmen, Governors, Mayors and local officials. Although there
are instances of violence and allegations of cheating specially in Mindanao, this elections is considered by many as one of the most peaceful
elections conducted in Philippines.
 September 12, 2007 - Former President Joseph Ejercito Estrada is convicted of plunder by the Sandiganbayan, the
anti-graft court and is sentenced to 40 years imprisonment. He is the first former president ever convicted of any crime in Philippine
history. Six weeks later, on October 26, Estrada was pardoned by President Arroyo. Because of the pardon, Estrada was able to run for Mayor of Manila and won. He is presently the city mayor of Manila.
Benigno Simeon Cojuangco Aquino III, affectionately called "Noynoy"
and "Pnoy", a former senator is the son of former President Corazon C. Aquino and the late Senator Benigno Aquino. He won the May 10, 2010 presidential elections
and was proclaimed president on June 30, 2010 at Rizal Park in Manila. Former President Gloria Arroyo, was elected congresswoman for the second district of Pampanga.
This was the first computerized national elections in Philippine history. Aquino is generally perceived as honest with high public satisfaction ratings.
Under his presidency, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Renato Corona was impeached in 2011 for non-declaration of assets and prominent politicians like
Senators and Congressmen is being charged of corruption. Aquino continues his anti-corruption crusade. Under the present constitution, Aquino cannot run for a
second term. Presidential elections were held in May 9, 2016. Strong candidates were Mary Grace Sonora Poe-Llamanzares, Rodrigo Roa Duterte, Manuel "Mar" Araneta Roxas II and Jejomar Cabauatan Binay.
 On June 30, 2016, Rodrigo "Rody" Roa Duterte (a.k.a. Digong), the former mayor of Davao City in Mindanao who is known for his strong stance against illegal drugs and crime, assumed the
presidency succeeding Benigno Aquino III after receiving an overwhelming win in the May 9 elections.
On the same day but separately, former congresswoman Maria Leonor "Leni" Santo Tomas Gerona-Robredo (Leni Robredo for short) who belongs to a different party, takes oath
as vice-president succeeding Jejomar Binay. Both Duterte & Robredo serves a single term limit of six-years (till 2022). Duterte is advocating a change of government from presidential
to a federal form of government.
Unlike previous presidents, the tough-talking Duterte is antagonistic towards the United States, which has been a long time ally of the Philippines.
Remarkably, he is more friendly with China, a country which the previous administration filed a case against at The Permanent Court of Arbitration in The
Hague for occupying several islands within the Philippine 200 mile exclusive economic zone. The court decided overwhelmingly in favor of the Philippines in July 2016, China refuses to accept the verdict.
Duterte has been criticized by human rights groups and some in the international community for his hard handed tactics against illegal drugs which has lead to the killings of thousands
(including innocent bystanders) allegedly involved in the drug trade.
On March 10, 2020, due to the worldwide spread of the Novel Coronavirus (officially named COVID-19), Duterte has declared a public health state of emergency in the Philippines. The virus which was first discovered in Wuhan,
China. To slow the number of infections and fatalities, Metro Manila and later the whole island of Luzon has been placed under lockdown. The total number victims of COVID-19 has yet to be determined. In March 2021 the government started
inoculating a vaccine against Covid-19 staring with health care workers.
On June 30, 2022, Ferdinand Romualdez Marcos, Jr. (colloquially known as Bongbong and BBM) was sworn in as the 17th president of the Republic of the
Philippines in front of the National Museum in Manila. He won the hotly contested May 9, 2022 elections. He is the son of
former strongman and namesake Ferdinand Edralin Marcos and Imelda Romualdez-Marcos.
The elections was allegedly marred by vote buying and social media disinformation against his strongest contender, vice-president Leonor "Leni"
Robredo. Marcos, Jr. won together with his vice presidential running mate, Sara Zimmerman Duterte-Carpio.
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